Loracarbef,
antibiotic drug used in the treatment of illnesses including bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, skin infection, urinary tract infection, and kidney infection—all of which are caused by specific bacteria. Loracarbef prevents the cell division and growth of bacteria by interfering with the formation of bacterial cell walls.
This drug is available by prescription in tablets and a dissolvable powder. The typical adult dosage is 200 to 400 mg every 12 hours for seven days. A reduced dosage based on body weight is prescribed for infants and children under the age of 12. The drug begins to take effect in about one hour.
Loracarbef should be taken at least one hour prior to eating or two hours after eating. Its use should continue for the full seven-day course to prevent reinfection. It should not be taken by persons with a known allergy to loracarbef or to cephalosporin-class antibiotics. It should be used with caution, at a reduced dosage, by persons with impaired kidney function, a history of colitis, penicillin allergies, and persons taking potent diuretics to increase the volume of urine excreted.
This drug has not been proven safe for pregnant or breast-feeding women or for children under six months of age. The most common side effects of loracarbef are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and skin rashes. Less common side effects are colitis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, sleepiness, nervousness, insomnia, and dizziness. Use of loracarbef with potent diuretics increases the risk of kidney disease. Use with probenecid, an antigout drug, increases the levels of loracarbef in the bloodstream.
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Astemizole
Astemizole, antihistamine drug that is used to treat hay fever and recurring hives. It works by blocking the action of histamine (a chemical released by the body during allergic reactions) that contributes to swelling and itching of the nose, eyes, and skin.
Astemizole is available only by prescription. It comes in tablet form and is taken orally on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal). The typical dosage for adults and children over age 12 is 10 mg once a day. It has not been proven safe for children under age 12. The drug starts to be effective within one hour of treatment.
Astemizole is often prescribed for use over several weeks. It helps control the appearance of hives and hay fever symptoms but does not provide immediate relief. Patients should not take more than a single, prescribed dose—even if symptoms are severe or a dose was missed—because overdose reactions are severe and may include fainting, irregular heartbeat, seizures, or cardiac arrest.
Possible side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth or throat, fatigue, headache, or increased appetite. Less common are depression, diarrhea, dizziness, itching or tingling, joint or muscle pain, nervousness, nausea, nosebleed, skin rash, or sore throat. Patients with asthma, liver disease, or kidney disease should use this drug with caution.
Astemizole may interact adversely with certain types of drugs, including antibiotics, antifungal drugs (especially ketoconazole), and drugs that affect heart rhythms. Its safety during pregnancy and nursing is not known.
In 1998 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an alert warning that astemizole can cause death due to irregular heart rhythms if taken with certain other drugs or used at higher than recommended doses. The FDA cautioned that in addition to those drugs previously known to have adverse interactions with astemizole, several other drugs should be avoided by those taking astemizole.
These include the antidepressants fluoxetine (marketed under the brand name Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), setraline (Zoloft), nefazodone (Serzone), and paroxetine (Paxil); the AIDS drugs known as protease inhibitors; and the anti-asthma medication zileuton (Zyflo).
The FDA also warned against drinking grapefruit juice while taking astemizole, because grapefruit juice slows down the metabolism of astemizole by the liver.
Astemizole is available only by prescription. It comes in tablet form and is taken orally on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal). The typical dosage for adults and children over age 12 is 10 mg once a day. It has not been proven safe for children under age 12. The drug starts to be effective within one hour of treatment.
Astemizole is often prescribed for use over several weeks. It helps control the appearance of hives and hay fever symptoms but does not provide immediate relief. Patients should not take more than a single, prescribed dose—even if symptoms are severe or a dose was missed—because overdose reactions are severe and may include fainting, irregular heartbeat, seizures, or cardiac arrest.
Possible side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth or throat, fatigue, headache, or increased appetite. Less common are depression, diarrhea, dizziness, itching or tingling, joint or muscle pain, nervousness, nausea, nosebleed, skin rash, or sore throat. Patients with asthma, liver disease, or kidney disease should use this drug with caution.
Astemizole may interact adversely with certain types of drugs, including antibiotics, antifungal drugs (especially ketoconazole), and drugs that affect heart rhythms. Its safety during pregnancy and nursing is not known.
In 1998 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an alert warning that astemizole can cause death due to irregular heart rhythms if taken with certain other drugs or used at higher than recommended doses. The FDA cautioned that in addition to those drugs previously known to have adverse interactions with astemizole, several other drugs should be avoided by those taking astemizole.
These include the antidepressants fluoxetine (marketed under the brand name Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), setraline (Zoloft), nefazodone (Serzone), and paroxetine (Paxil); the AIDS drugs known as protease inhibitors; and the anti-asthma medication zileuton (Zyflo).
The FDA also warned against drinking grapefruit juice while taking astemizole, because grapefruit juice slows down the metabolism of astemizole by the liver.
Sucralfate
Sucralfate, drug used to treat ulcers. It works by forming a protective coating over irritated tissues and stimulating tissues to heal. It is primarily used for duodenal ulcers, or ulcers that form in the uppermost 25 cm (10 in) of the small intestine. Sucralfate can also help heal ulcers or similar irritations in the mouth, esophagus, digestive tract, or vagina. It is sometimes used to soothe throat pain after a tonsillectomy.
Prescribed in either tablet or liquid form, sucralfate is taken orally, preferably with water, on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after a meal. The typical dosage is 1 g four times a day. Sucralfate is often effective after one to two weeks, although treatment typically lasts from four to eight weeks. This drug heals existing ulcers, but does not stop new ulcers from forming.
Patients with kidney failure should use sucralfate with caution. Its safety for children, or pregnant or breast-feeding women, has not been determined. Possible side effects may include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, diarrhea, or a dry mouth.
Sucralfate may interact adversely with antacids, antispasmodic drugs, certain antibiotics, and blood-thinners, as well as cimetidine, digoxin, ketoconazole, phenytoin, quinidine, ranitidine, tetracycline, and theophylline.
Prescribed in either tablet or liquid form, sucralfate is taken orally, preferably with water, on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after a meal. The typical dosage is 1 g four times a day. Sucralfate is often effective after one to two weeks, although treatment typically lasts from four to eight weeks. This drug heals existing ulcers, but does not stop new ulcers from forming.
Patients with kidney failure should use sucralfate with caution. Its safety for children, or pregnant or breast-feeding women, has not been determined. Possible side effects may include constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, diarrhea, or a dry mouth.
Sucralfate may interact adversely with antacids, antispasmodic drugs, certain antibiotics, and blood-thinners, as well as cimetidine, digoxin, ketoconazole, phenytoin, quinidine, ranitidine, tetracycline, and theophylline.
Lovastatin
Lovastatin, drug used to reduce high blood cholesterol levels and slow the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, or hardening of the heart’s arteries. Lovastatin interferes with an enzyme in the liver responsible for making cholesterol, a fatlike substance that can both harden and clog the arteries.
This drug reduces low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the type of cholesterol that increases the risk of coronary heart disease, and increases high-density lipoproteins (HDL), the type of cholesterol thought to reduce the risk of heart disease.
Available by prescription only, this drug is dispensed in 10-mg, 20-mg, and 40-mg tablets, which are taken orally. The initial adult dosage is 20 mg taken once a day, after which the dosage may be increased up to 40 mg twice a day. The maximum dosage should not exceed 80 mg daily. Effectiveness should be apparent within two weeks.
This drug should be taken with food, preferably with evening meals. It should not be used by persons who have had an allergic reaction to lovastatin; persons with active liver disease or active peptic ulcers; or pregnant or breast-feeding women. It should be used with caution by persons with reduced liver function and habitual users of alcohol.
The safety and effectiveness of lovastatin for people under the age of 20 have not been established. Driving and other risk-related activities should be restricted if dizziness and blurred vision occur while taking this drug.
Common side effects of lovastatin include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea, skin rash, and stomach pain. Less common side effects are blurred vision, fever, muscle aches or cramps, severe stomach pain, and unusual tiredness or weakness. Long-term use of this drug may result in abnormal liver function tests.
Lovastatin may interact adversely with certain drugs including clofibrate, cyclosporine, erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics such as asithromycin and clarithromycin, gemfibrozil, niacin, and warfarin.
This drug reduces low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the type of cholesterol that increases the risk of coronary heart disease, and increases high-density lipoproteins (HDL), the type of cholesterol thought to reduce the risk of heart disease.
Available by prescription only, this drug is dispensed in 10-mg, 20-mg, and 40-mg tablets, which are taken orally. The initial adult dosage is 20 mg taken once a day, after which the dosage may be increased up to 40 mg twice a day. The maximum dosage should not exceed 80 mg daily. Effectiveness should be apparent within two weeks.
This drug should be taken with food, preferably with evening meals. It should not be used by persons who have had an allergic reaction to lovastatin; persons with active liver disease or active peptic ulcers; or pregnant or breast-feeding women. It should be used with caution by persons with reduced liver function and habitual users of alcohol.
The safety and effectiveness of lovastatin for people under the age of 20 have not been established. Driving and other risk-related activities should be restricted if dizziness and blurred vision occur while taking this drug.
Common side effects of lovastatin include constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, gas, headache, heartburn, nausea, skin rash, and stomach pain. Less common side effects are blurred vision, fever, muscle aches or cramps, severe stomach pain, and unusual tiredness or weakness. Long-term use of this drug may result in abnormal liver function tests.
Lovastatin may interact adversely with certain drugs including clofibrate, cyclosporine, erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics such as asithromycin and clarithromycin, gemfibrozil, niacin, and warfarin.
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin, antibiotic drug used to treat respiratory tract and skin infections such as pneumonia, tonsillitis (swollen and inflamed tonsils), and bronchitis. The drug works by interfering with the formation of proteins in the invading bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and multiplication.
Available by prescription only, tablets are taken orally, usually in 250- to 500-mg doses every 12 hours. They may be taken with or without food. Effectiveness in controlling infection is usually apparent after 4 to 6 days, although the complete, prescribed treatment (usually 7 to 14 days) should be taken even if symptoms have subsided to prevent a recurring infection.
Patients with kidney disease or a sensitivity to erythromycin or similar antibiotics should avoid this drug or use it with caution. Clarithromycin has not been proven safe for children under the age of 12 or for pregnant women. Breast-feeding mothers should be aware that the drug may appear in breast milk.
The drug’s side effects are usually minimal, but may include nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, headache, or an altered sense of taste. Severe diarrhea, sometimes caused by the drug’s effect on the intestine, requires immediate medical attention.
Clarithromycin may interact adversely with blood-thinning drugs such as warfarin, as well as with the drugs carbamazepine, theophylline, astemizole, digoxin, and phenytoin.
Available by prescription only, tablets are taken orally, usually in 250- to 500-mg doses every 12 hours. They may be taken with or without food. Effectiveness in controlling infection is usually apparent after 4 to 6 days, although the complete, prescribed treatment (usually 7 to 14 days) should be taken even if symptoms have subsided to prevent a recurring infection.
Patients with kidney disease or a sensitivity to erythromycin or similar antibiotics should avoid this drug or use it with caution. Clarithromycin has not been proven safe for children under the age of 12 or for pregnant women. Breast-feeding mothers should be aware that the drug may appear in breast milk.
The drug’s side effects are usually minimal, but may include nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, headache, or an altered sense of taste. Severe diarrhea, sometimes caused by the drug’s effect on the intestine, requires immediate medical attention.
Clarithromycin may interact adversely with blood-thinning drugs such as warfarin, as well as with the drugs carbamazepine, theophylline, astemizole, digoxin, and phenytoin.
Loratadine
Loratadine, drug used to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies and hives. Loratadine blocks the action of histamine, a chemical released in the body during allergic reactions, thereby inhibiting the development of symptoms such as sneezing, swelling mucous membranes, and itching eyes.
Available by prescription only, the typical dosage for adults and children over the age of 12 is 10 mg once a day. Loratadine should be taken on an empty stomach because food may delay its absorption. People with impaired liver or kidney function and the elderly may need smaller and less frequent doses. The drug is usually effective in one to three hours.
Loratadine may impair mental alertness, and activities requiring mechanical skills, such as driving, should not be performed until the effects of the drug have been determined. The safety and effectiveness of loratadine in children under the age of 12 are not understood, and its effects during pregnancy have not been thoroughly studied. This drug should not be used by breast-feeding mothers or people undergoing skin tests for allergies.
The most common side effects of loratadine are skin rash, headache, drowsiness, or dizziness. Less common side effects include heart rhythm disturbances and skin sensitivity to sunlight.
Extreme drowsiness may result if loratadine is used with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, narcotics, pain medication, or tricyclic antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, a class of antidepressants, can increase the side effects of loratadine.
Loratadine taken concurrently with the antifungal drugs ketoconazole, itraconazole, or fluconazole may cause serious heart rhythm disturbances. Antibiotics such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin may have a toxic interaction with loratadine.
Available by prescription only, the typical dosage for adults and children over the age of 12 is 10 mg once a day. Loratadine should be taken on an empty stomach because food may delay its absorption. People with impaired liver or kidney function and the elderly may need smaller and less frequent doses. The drug is usually effective in one to three hours.
Loratadine may impair mental alertness, and activities requiring mechanical skills, such as driving, should not be performed until the effects of the drug have been determined. The safety and effectiveness of loratadine in children under the age of 12 are not understood, and its effects during pregnancy have not been thoroughly studied. This drug should not be used by breast-feeding mothers or people undergoing skin tests for allergies.
The most common side effects of loratadine are skin rash, headache, drowsiness, or dizziness. Less common side effects include heart rhythm disturbances and skin sensitivity to sunlight.
Extreme drowsiness may result if loratadine is used with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, narcotics, pain medication, or tricyclic antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, a class of antidepressants, can increase the side effects of loratadine.
Loratadine taken concurrently with the antifungal drugs ketoconazole, itraconazole, or fluconazole may cause serious heart rhythm disturbances. Antibiotics such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin may have a toxic interaction with loratadine.
Digoxin
Digoxin, drug used to treat heart problems, such as congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeat. It also helps heart function in patients with pacemakers, an artificial implant in the heart that regulates the heart rate. Digoxin works by increasing the force of heart muscle contractions and by regulating the electrical signal that controls heartbeat. It belongs to a group of drugs known as cardiac glycosides.
Digoxin is available in capsule, tablet, and liquid form. All are taken orally, although one form of the liquid is injected. This drug is usually taken once a day on an empty stomach. It may be taken with food, if necessary, to avoid stomach upset but should not be combined with bran or other high-fiber products.
Dosages of this drug vary widely, ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 mg per day. Some patients start treatment at a high dosage (1 to 1.5 mg) on the first day. Children under age ten may take this drug, which is usually divided into two or more small doses. Its safety for use by pregnant women is not known, and nursing mothers should be aware that it does appear in breast milk.
Patients taking digoxin may be asked to check their pulse rate periodically as a way to help determine the most effective dose. The use of this drug should not be halted abruptly, as it may seriously affect heart function. Digoxin is usually effective after one to two weeks of use, but treatment with it is often prescribed for many months or years.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, blurred vision, headache, skin rash, loss of appetite, or breast development in males. Overdose can be caused by slight increases in dosage. Symptoms of overdose include those listed above as well as a very slow pulse and an irregular heartbeat.
Digoxin may interact adversely with a wide variety of drugs. These include but are not limited to antibiotics, antacids, bronchodilators, diuretics, steroids, thyroid hormones, and blood pressure drugs (including beta blockers and calcium channel blockers). Others include the drugs alprazolam and rifampin.
Because of these many drug interactions, patients taking digoxin should alert caretakers of this fact during emergency treatment or medical or dental procedures.
Digoxin is available in capsule, tablet, and liquid form. All are taken orally, although one form of the liquid is injected. This drug is usually taken once a day on an empty stomach. It may be taken with food, if necessary, to avoid stomach upset but should not be combined with bran or other high-fiber products.
Dosages of this drug vary widely, ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 mg per day. Some patients start treatment at a high dosage (1 to 1.5 mg) on the first day. Children under age ten may take this drug, which is usually divided into two or more small doses. Its safety for use by pregnant women is not known, and nursing mothers should be aware that it does appear in breast milk.
Patients taking digoxin may be asked to check their pulse rate periodically as a way to help determine the most effective dose. The use of this drug should not be halted abruptly, as it may seriously affect heart function. Digoxin is usually effective after one to two weeks of use, but treatment with it is often prescribed for many months or years.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, blurred vision, headache, skin rash, loss of appetite, or breast development in males. Overdose can be caused by slight increases in dosage. Symptoms of overdose include those listed above as well as a very slow pulse and an irregular heartbeat.
Digoxin may interact adversely with a wide variety of drugs. These include but are not limited to antibiotics, antacids, bronchodilators, diuretics, steroids, thyroid hormones, and blood pressure drugs (including beta blockers and calcium channel blockers). Others include the drugs alprazolam and rifampin.
Because of these many drug interactions, patients taking digoxin should alert caretakers of this fact during emergency treatment or medical or dental procedures.
Streptomycin
Streptomycin, antibiotic agent produced by a filamentous (thready) soil bacterium, Streptomyces griseus. It was first described in 1944 by the American soil microbiologist Selman Waksman and his collaborators. Microorganisms that cause many serious diseases, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and cholera, are susceptible to streptomycin.
The first drug effective against tuberculosis, it is still used for this condition, although it has been replaced for most purposes by newer, more effective antibiotics of the same chemical family, the aminoglycosides. These include gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin.
An important drawback to the use of streptomycin is the development of resistance to the drug by certain bacteria. Resistance may be delayed by supplementing streptomycin with para-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid. Streptomycin occasionally causes damage to the vestibular or auditory division of the eighth cranial nerve. Aminoglycosides may also damage the kidney.
The first drug effective against tuberculosis, it is still used for this condition, although it has been replaced for most purposes by newer, more effective antibiotics of the same chemical family, the aminoglycosides. These include gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin.
An important drawback to the use of streptomycin is the development of resistance to the drug by certain bacteria. Resistance may be delayed by supplementing streptomycin with para-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid. Streptomycin occasionally causes damage to the vestibular or auditory division of the eighth cranial nerve. Aminoglycosides may also damage the kidney.
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside, any of a group of antibiotics, including gentamicin, neomycin and streptomycin, that are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Aminoglycosides are usually given by injection because they cannot be absorbed through the intestine. Drugs in this group are quite toxic, with side effects including damage to the ears and kidneys. For this reason, they are only used for infections that do not respond to other antibiotics.
Cefaclor
Cefaclor or Ceclor, bacteria-fighting drug in a group known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It is commonly used to treat staphylococcus infections, streptococcus infections, and infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Examples of ailments caused by these bacteria include strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis (swollen and inflamed tonsils), urinary tract infections, and skin infections. Cefaclor works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
This drug is available by prescription in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally, usually every eight hours. Each adult dose typically is 250 mg. Children may take this drug, also every eight hours, although the total daily dose is determined by body weight.
Cefaclor should be taken on an empty stomach unless it causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days, but to avoid a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefaclor may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests.
Patients with colitis (inflamed bowel) or other gastrointestinal problems should avoid using this drug. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
Common side effects include diarrhea, hives, and itching. Other side effects sometimes observed are nausea, skin rash, joint pain, vomiting, vaginal inflammation, liver disorders, or blood disorders. A severe allergic reaction to cefaclor may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics, certain diuretics, diarrhea medications, and oral contraceptives
This drug is available by prescription in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally, usually every eight hours. Each adult dose typically is 250 mg. Children may take this drug, also every eight hours, although the total daily dose is determined by body weight.
Cefaclor should be taken on an empty stomach unless it causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days, but to avoid a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefaclor may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests.
Patients with colitis (inflamed bowel) or other gastrointestinal problems should avoid using this drug. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
Common side effects include diarrhea, hives, and itching. Other side effects sometimes observed are nausea, skin rash, joint pain, vomiting, vaginal inflammation, liver disorders, or blood disorders. A severe allergic reaction to cefaclor may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics, certain diuretics, diarrhea medications, and oral contraceptives
Cefixime
Cefixime, bacteria-fighting drug in a group known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It is used to treat bacterial infections in the ears, throat, chest, and urinary tract. It is also used to treat gonorrhea. Cefixime works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
This drug is available by prescription in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally. The typical dosage for adults and children over the age of 12 is 400 mg per day, taken in one or two doses. Children over 6 months of age may take this drug safely, also in one or two daily doses. The total daily dose for children is determined by body weight.
Cefixime works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it otherwise causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended, as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefixime may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests. Patients with kidney disorders or with colitis (inflamed colon) or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
Common side effects may include indigestion, mild diarrhea, gas, nausea, or vomiting. Other side effects sometimes observed are dizziness, fever, headache, itching, skin rash, vaginitis (inflammation of vaginal tissues), hives, severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, shock, or seizures. A severe allergic reaction to cefixime may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin.
This drug may interact with diarrhea medications, prolonging the diarrhea or making it more severe.
This drug is available by prescription in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally. The typical dosage for adults and children over the age of 12 is 400 mg per day, taken in one or two doses. Children over 6 months of age may take this drug safely, also in one or two daily doses. The total daily dose for children is determined by body weight.
Cefixime works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it otherwise causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended, as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefixime may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests. Patients with kidney disorders or with colitis (inflamed colon) or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
Common side effects may include indigestion, mild diarrhea, gas, nausea, or vomiting. Other side effects sometimes observed are dizziness, fever, headache, itching, skin rash, vaginitis (inflammation of vaginal tissues), hives, severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, shock, or seizures. A severe allergic reaction to cefixime may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin.
This drug may interact with diarrhea medications, prolonging the diarrhea or making it more severe.
Doxycycline
Doxycycline, antibiotic drug used to treat various types of bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, traveler’s diarrhea, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, trachoma (a chronic eye infection), and syphilis.
It is also sometimes used to treat early Lyme disease and to prevent the spread of malaria. Doxycycline belongs to a group of antibiotics known as tetracyclines. It works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to form essential proteins, thereby halting their growth.
This drug is available by prescription in capsules, tablets, and liquid forms, which are taken orally, although one form of liquid is made for injection. Typical dosages range from 100 to 200 mg per day, taken in one or two doses, with a recommended maximum dose of 300 mg a day.
Unless this drug causes stomach upset, it should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal) with a full glass of water. Doxycycline usually relieves symptoms after 48 hours of treatment, but it should be taken for the entire prescribed length of time to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with liver disease and pregnant or breast-feeding women should not use this drug. It may be taken by children over the age of eight at a dosage based on body weight. Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, itching, light sensitivity, headache, facial swelling, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, or bulging forehead (in infants). Children may develop discolored teeth, especially with long-term use.
Doxycyline may interact adversely with antacids and other common gastrointestinal medications, birth control pills, barbiturates, blood-thinners, penicillin, phenytoin, sodium bicarbonate, and carbamazepine.
It is also sometimes used to treat early Lyme disease and to prevent the spread of malaria. Doxycycline belongs to a group of antibiotics known as tetracyclines. It works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to form essential proteins, thereby halting their growth.
This drug is available by prescription in capsules, tablets, and liquid forms, which are taken orally, although one form of liquid is made for injection. Typical dosages range from 100 to 200 mg per day, taken in one or two doses, with a recommended maximum dose of 300 mg a day.
Unless this drug causes stomach upset, it should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal) with a full glass of water. Doxycycline usually relieves symptoms after 48 hours of treatment, but it should be taken for the entire prescribed length of time to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with liver disease and pregnant or breast-feeding women should not use this drug. It may be taken by children over the age of eight at a dosage based on body weight. Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, itching, light sensitivity, headache, facial swelling, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, or bulging forehead (in infants). Children may develop discolored teeth, especially with long-term use.
Doxycyline may interact adversely with antacids and other common gastrointestinal medications, birth control pills, barbiturates, blood-thinners, penicillin, phenytoin, sodium bicarbonate, and carbamazepine.
Tetracycline
Tetracycline, drug used to treat various bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, trachoma (a chronic eye infection), and gonorrhea. Tetracycline is also sometimes used to treat early stages of Lyme disease, acne, gum disease, and certain gastrointestinal ulcers. It works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to form essential proteins, thereby halting their growth.
Tetracycline is available by prescription in capsule form, taken orally, and in a reconstituted powder solution, applied topically. Typical capsule dosages range from 1 to 2 g per day, taken in one to four doses, with a recommended maximum of 4 g per day.
Unless this drug causes stomach upset, it should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal) with a full glass of water. It should not be combined with milk or other dairy products. Tetracycline usually relieves symptoms after 48 hours of treatment, but it should be taken for the prescribed length of time to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with severe liver disease or pregnant or breast-feeding women should not take this drug. Patients with impaired liver or kidney function or with systemic lupus erythematosus should use tetracycline with caution.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, itching, light sensitivity, facial swelling, headache, blurred vision, chest pain, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or in infants, a bulging soft spot on the head. Children may develop discolored teeth with long-term use.
Tetracycline may interact adversely with antacids and other common gastrointestinal medications, oral contraceptives, blood thinners, lithium, penicillin, isotretinoin, cholestyramine, and sucralfate.
Tetracycline is available by prescription in capsule form, taken orally, and in a reconstituted powder solution, applied topically. Typical capsule dosages range from 1 to 2 g per day, taken in one to four doses, with a recommended maximum of 4 g per day.
Unless this drug causes stomach upset, it should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal) with a full glass of water. It should not be combined with milk or other dairy products. Tetracycline usually relieves symptoms after 48 hours of treatment, but it should be taken for the prescribed length of time to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with severe liver disease or pregnant or breast-feeding women should not take this drug. Patients with impaired liver or kidney function or with systemic lupus erythematosus should use tetracycline with caution.
Possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, itching, light sensitivity, facial swelling, headache, blurred vision, chest pain, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or in infants, a bulging soft spot on the head. Children may develop discolored teeth with long-term use.
Tetracycline may interact adversely with antacids and other common gastrointestinal medications, oral contraceptives, blood thinners, lithium, penicillin, isotretinoin, cholestyramine, and sucralfate.
Cefuroxime Axetil
Cefuroxime Axetil or Ceftin, bacteria-fighting drug in a group known as cephalosporin antibiotics, used to treat mild or moderate infections of the ears, throat, chest, urinary tract, and skin. It is also used to treat gonorrhea. Cefuroxime axetil works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
Available by prescription only, this drug is taken orally in tablet form, and a liquid form is administered intravenously. Depending on the severity of infection, the adult dosage may range from 125 to 500 mg taken twice a day. A single dose of 1 g is used to treat gonorrhea. Children under the age of 12 may take this drug safely, usually in two daily doses of 125 or 250 mg per dose.
Cefuroxime axetil works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. For children the tablets may be crushed and mixed with food. The drug is effective within three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefuroxime axetil may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests. Patients with colitis (inflamed colon) or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, and it does appear in breast milk.
Common side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, colitis, or skin problems such as redness, itching, or rash. Other side effects sometimes observed are dizziness, headache, seizures, vaginitis, or yeast infection. A severe allergic reaction to cefuroxime axetil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with the drug probenecid and with diarrhea medications, prolonging the diarrhea or making it more severe.
Available by prescription only, this drug is taken orally in tablet form, and a liquid form is administered intravenously. Depending on the severity of infection, the adult dosage may range from 125 to 500 mg taken twice a day. A single dose of 1 g is used to treat gonorrhea. Children under the age of 12 may take this drug safely, usually in two daily doses of 125 or 250 mg per dose.
Cefuroxime axetil works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. For children the tablets may be crushed and mixed with food. The drug is effective within three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefuroxime axetil may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests. Patients with colitis (inflamed colon) or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, and it does appear in breast milk.
Common side effects may include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, colitis, or skin problems such as redness, itching, or rash. Other side effects sometimes observed are dizziness, headache, seizures, vaginitis, or yeast infection. A severe allergic reaction to cefuroxime axetil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with the drug probenecid and with diarrhea medications, prolonging the diarrhea or making it more severe.
Erythromycin
Erythromycin, antibiotic drug used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. These infections include respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, ear and skin infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, rheumatic fever, whooping cough, and diphtheria.
The drug is also used in a form applied directly to the skin to treat acne. It works by interfering with the formation of essential proteins in the invading bacteria, preventing their multiplication and growth.
Erythromycin is available by prescription in capsules, tablets, ointment, gel, and various liquids. Dependingon the site of the infection, the drug is taken orally or applied directly to the infected area. Dosages range from 250 to 1000 mg taken every six hours. Children may take most forms of this drug, with dosages determined by body weight.
Some forms of this drug should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal). Erythromycin’s effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days. However, the entire prescribed course of treatment should be completed to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with liver disease should not take this drug. It should be used with caution by patients with a history of allergies, impaired kidney function, or abnormal heart rhythm. It is generally safe for use during pregnancy (except in the form known as erythromycin estolate); however, breast-feeding mothers should be aware that this drug appears in breast milk.
Possible side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or diarrhea. Also seen are skin rash, hives, eye irritation, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or temporary hearing loss.
Erythromycin can react adversely with a variety of drugs. These include other antibiotics (including penicillin), blood-thinners, carbamazepine, digoxin, lovastatin, phenytoin, and theophylline. Erythromycin should never be combined with astemizole.
The drug is also used in a form applied directly to the skin to treat acne. It works by interfering with the formation of essential proteins in the invading bacteria, preventing their multiplication and growth.
Erythromycin is available by prescription in capsules, tablets, ointment, gel, and various liquids. Dependingon the site of the infection, the drug is taken orally or applied directly to the infected area. Dosages range from 250 to 1000 mg taken every six hours. Children may take most forms of this drug, with dosages determined by body weight.
Some forms of this drug should be taken on an empty stomach (one hour before or two hours after a meal). Erythromycin’s effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days. However, the entire prescribed course of treatment should be completed to avoid recurrence of infection.
Patients with liver disease should not take this drug. It should be used with caution by patients with a history of allergies, impaired kidney function, or abnormal heart rhythm. It is generally safe for use during pregnancy (except in the form known as erythromycin estolate); however, breast-feeding mothers should be aware that this drug appears in breast milk.
Possible side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or diarrhea. Also seen are skin rash, hives, eye irritation, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, or temporary hearing loss.
Erythromycin can react adversely with a variety of drugs. These include other antibiotics (including penicillin), blood-thinners, carbamazepine, digoxin, lovastatin, phenytoin, and theophylline. Erythromycin should never be combined with astemizole.
Cefprozil
Cefprozil or Cefzil, bacteria-fighting drug in a group known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It is commonly used to treat mild or moderate infections of the throat, ear, and respiratory tract, including strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis (swollen and inflamed tonsils), and bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi, the air passages that connect the windpipe to the lungs), as well as skin infections. Cefprozil works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
Cefprozil must be prescribed by a doctor. It is available in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally. The typical dosage for adults and children over age 12 is 500 mg per day, taken in one or two doses. The dose for children under age 12 is determined by body weight and the infection being treated.
Cefprozil works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually seen after three to five days, but to avoid a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use of this drug is not recommended, as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefprozil may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests. Patients with kidney disorders or with colitis or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, and nursing mothers should be aware that this drug may appear in breast milk.
Nausea is this drug’s most common side effect. Less common side effects include diarrhea, hives, genital itching, skin rash (including diaper rash), abdominal pain, insomnia, dizziness, confusion, headache, nervousness, drowsiness, vomiting, and yellowing of the eyes and skin.
A severe allergic reaction to cefprozil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with other antibiotics, certain diuretics (medications that increase urination), diarrhea medications, and oral contraceptives
Cefprozil must be prescribed by a doctor. It is available in tablet and liquid form, which are both taken orally. The typical dosage for adults and children over age 12 is 500 mg per day, taken in one or two doses. The dose for children under age 12 is determined by body weight and the infection being treated.
Cefprozil works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. Effectiveness is usually seen after three to five days, but to avoid a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use of this drug is not recommended, as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with diabetes should be aware that cefprozil may affect the accuracy of urine glucose-monitoring tests. Patients with kidney disorders or with colitis or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, and nursing mothers should be aware that this drug may appear in breast milk.
Nausea is this drug’s most common side effect. Less common side effects include diarrhea, hives, genital itching, skin rash (including diaper rash), abdominal pain, insomnia, dizziness, confusion, headache, nervousness, drowsiness, vomiting, and yellowing of the eyes and skin.
A severe allergic reaction to cefprozil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with other antibiotics, certain diuretics (medications that increase urination), diarrhea medications, and oral contraceptives
Cephalexin
Cephalexin, bacteria-fighting drug in a group known as cephalosporin antibiotics, used to treat infections of the middle ear, urinary tract, reproductive system, skin, and bones. Cephalexin works by interfering with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
This drug is available by prescription in tablet, capsule, and liquid form, all of which are taken orally. The typical adult dosage is 500 mg every 12 hours (sometimes prescribed as 250 mg every 6 hours). Children should take the liquid form of this drug, which is usually prescribed in two or four daily doses. The total daily dosage for children is determined by body weight and the type of infection being treated.
Cephalexin works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. The drug is effective within three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended as it may lead to a secondary infection. Patients with diabetes should be aware that cephalexin may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests. Patients with drug allergies, kidney disorders, colitis (inflamed colon), or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined. It is known to appear in breast milk.
Diarrhea is this drug’s most common side effect. Less common side effects include indigestion, abdominal pain, colitis, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, skin rash, hives, joint pain, fluid retention, vaginitis, and yellowing of the eyes or skin. A severe allergic reaction to cephalexin may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with diarrhea medications and oral contraceptives.
This drug is available by prescription in tablet, capsule, and liquid form, all of which are taken orally. The typical adult dosage is 500 mg every 12 hours (sometimes prescribed as 250 mg every 6 hours). Children should take the liquid form of this drug, which is usually prescribed in two or four daily doses. The total daily dosage for children is determined by body weight and the type of infection being treated.
Cephalexin works fastest when taken on an empty stomach, but it may be taken with food if it causes stomach upset. The drug is effective within three to five days, but to prevent a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. However, prolonged use is not recommended as it may lead to a secondary infection. Patients with diabetes should be aware that cephalexin may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests. Patients with drug allergies, kidney disorders, colitis (inflamed colon), or other gastrointestinal problems should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined. It is known to appear in breast milk.
Diarrhea is this drug’s most common side effect. Less common side effects include indigestion, abdominal pain, colitis, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, skin rash, hives, joint pain, fluid retention, vaginitis, and yellowing of the eyes or skin. A severe allergic reaction to cephalexin may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may interact adversely with diarrhea medications and oral contraceptives.
Cefadroxil
Effectiveness is usually apparent after three to five days, but to avoid a recurrence of infection, the entire course of medication should be taken. Prolonged use of cefadroxil is not recommended, however, as it may lead to a secondary infection.
Patients with colitis (inflamed bowel) or other gastrointestinal problems, allergies, or drug sensitivities should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
The primary side effect of cefadroxil is diarrhea. Other side effects sometimes observed are nausea, itching, skin rash or redness, vaginal inflammation, vomiting, or colitis. A severe allergic reaction to cefadroxil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may be taken safely with most other medications.
Patients with colitis (inflamed bowel) or other gastrointestinal problems, allergies, or drug sensitivities should use this drug with caution. Its safety for use during pregnancy has not been determined, although it is known to appear in breast milk.
The primary side effect of cefadroxil is diarrhea. Other side effects sometimes observed are nausea, itching, skin rash or redness, vaginal inflammation, vomiting, or colitis. A severe allergic reaction to cefadroxil may occur in patients who are sensitive to both cephalosporin antibiotics and penicillin. This drug may be taken safely with most other medications.
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin should not be used by patients who are allergic to penicillin antibiotics. It also may interfere with routine tests used to monitor diabetes. Patients with asthma, colitis, diabetes, allergies (such as hay fever or hives), liver disease, or kidney disease should advise their doctor of these conditions before taking this drug, in order to determine whether the benefits of amoxicillin exceed any potential risk. This is also true for pregnant or nursing women.
Side effects of amoxicillin include anemia, anxiety or hyperactivity, confusion, diarrhea, dizziness, hives, insomnia, nausea, skin rash, or vomiting. Indications of an allergic reaction to amoxicillin may include fever, itching, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, skin rash, genital sores, or bruising. Amoxicillin interacts negatively with several common prescription drugs; a doctor’s approval should be obtained before taking amoxicillin with other prescriptions.
Side effects of amoxicillin include anemia, anxiety or hyperactivity, confusion, diarrhea, dizziness, hives, insomnia, nausea, skin rash, or vomiting. Indications of an allergic reaction to amoxicillin may include fever, itching, joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, skin rash, genital sores, or bruising. Amoxicillin interacts negatively with several common prescription drugs; a doctor’s approval should be obtained before taking amoxicillin with other prescriptions.
Ampicillin
Ampicillin, drug used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and respiratory tract. An antibiotic like penicillin, ampicillin interferes with the invading bacteria’s ability to multiply in the body.
Available by prescription in liquid and capsule form, ampicillin is usually taken orally with a full glass of water either one hour before a meal or two hours after. Another liquid form is administered by injection. Doses range from 200 to 1000 mg every six hours, with a maximum dosage of 6000 mg per day.
Signs of infection usually disappear after several days of treatment, but an entire course of medication, usually a seven- to ten-day course, should be taken to avoid any recurrence of infection. Children may take ampicillin, but they should be monitored for such side effects as diarrhea or skin rash.
Patients who are allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics should not take this drug. Its safety for use in pregnant women has not been determined. Diabetic patients should be aware that ampicillin may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests.
Available by prescription in liquid and capsule form, ampicillin is usually taken orally with a full glass of water either one hour before a meal or two hours after. Another liquid form is administered by injection. Doses range from 200 to 1000 mg every six hours, with a maximum dosage of 6000 mg per day.
Signs of infection usually disappear after several days of treatment, but an entire course of medication, usually a seven- to ten-day course, should be taken to avoid any recurrence of infection. Children may take ampicillin, but they should be monitored for such side effects as diarrhea or skin rash.
Patients who are allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics should not take this drug. Its safety for use in pregnant women has not been determined. Diabetic patients should be aware that ampicillin may affect the accuracy of urine glucose monitoring tests.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other microorganisms.
The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals.
All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host.
Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis.
The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals.
All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host.
Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis.
Penicillin
Penicillin, any one of a group of antibiotics derived from the fungus Penicillium or created by using partially artificial processes. The action of natural penicillin was first observed in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, but another ten years passed before penicillin was concentrated and studied by German-British biochemist Ernst Chain, Australian pathologist Sir Howard Florey, and other scientists.
Penicillin acts both by killing bacteria and by inhibiting their growth. It does not kill organisms in the resting stage but only those growing and reproducing. Penicillin is effective against a wide range of disease-bearing microorganisms, including pneumococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, the clostridium that cause tetanus, and the syphilis spirochete. The drug has been successfully used to treat such deadly diseases as endocarditis, septicemia, gas gangrene, gonorrhea, and scarlet fever.
Toxic symptoms produced by penicillin are limited largely to allergic reactions that can be anticipated by the use of scratch tests before administration of the drug. In 1980 a group of physicians announced that they had successfully desensitized several penicillin-allergic patients with a procedure that took only three hours; tests of the method on a wider scale were instituted.
Syphilis is detected by symptoms and verified by one of several tests performed on the blood or spinal fluid, the most common of which is the VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) test. The preferred drug for treatment is benzathine penicillin, which is given in two injections one week apart for all stages but neurosyphilis. For this advanced stage, the antibiotic is given three times at weekly intervals.
Syphilis control includes tracking down all sexual contacts of infected persons and treating those who had contact during the infectious period. Use of condoms offers some protection against contracting syphilis.
Penicillin acts both by killing bacteria and by inhibiting their growth. It does not kill organisms in the resting stage but only those growing and reproducing. Penicillin is effective against a wide range of disease-bearing microorganisms, including pneumococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, the clostridium that cause tetanus, and the syphilis spirochete. The drug has been successfully used to treat such deadly diseases as endocarditis, septicemia, gas gangrene, gonorrhea, and scarlet fever.
Toxic symptoms produced by penicillin are limited largely to allergic reactions that can be anticipated by the use of scratch tests before administration of the drug. In 1980 a group of physicians announced that they had successfully desensitized several penicillin-allergic patients with a procedure that took only three hours; tests of the method on a wider scale were instituted.
Syphilis is detected by symptoms and verified by one of several tests performed on the blood or spinal fluid, the most common of which is the VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) test. The preferred drug for treatment is benzathine penicillin, which is given in two injections one week apart for all stages but neurosyphilis. For this advanced stage, the antibiotic is given three times at weekly intervals.
Syphilis control includes tracking down all sexual contacts of infected persons and treating those who had contact during the infectious period. Use of condoms offers some protection against contracting syphilis.
Aspirin
Chemist Felix Hoffman synthesized the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid in 1893 in response to the urging of his father, who took salicylic acid for rheumatism.
Aspirin is currently the first-choice drug for fever, mild to moderate pain, and inflammation due to arthritis or injury. It is a more effective analgesic than codeine.
Aspirin causes insignificant gastrointestinal bleeding that can over time, however, cause iron deficiency; gastric ulcers may also occur with long-term use. Complications can be avoided by using enteric-coated aspirin, which does not dissolve until reaching the intestine.
Aspirin should not be given to children who have chicken pox or influenza, because it increases the risk of contracting the rare and frequently fatal Reye's syndrome, a disease of the brain and some abdominal organs.
Aspirin is thought to act by interfering with synthesis of prostaglandins, which are implicated in inflammation and fever. Studies of aspirin's anticlotting activities suggest that half an aspirin tablet per day may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in some persons.
Aspirin is currently the first-choice drug for fever, mild to moderate pain, and inflammation due to arthritis or injury. It is a more effective analgesic than codeine.
Aspirin causes insignificant gastrointestinal bleeding that can over time, however, cause iron deficiency; gastric ulcers may also occur with long-term use. Complications can be avoided by using enteric-coated aspirin, which does not dissolve until reaching the intestine.
Aspirin should not be given to children who have chicken pox or influenza, because it increases the risk of contracting the rare and frequently fatal Reye's syndrome, a disease of the brain and some abdominal organs.
Aspirin is thought to act by interfering with synthesis of prostaglandins, which are implicated in inflammation and fever. Studies of aspirin's anticlotting activities suggest that half an aspirin tablet per day may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in some persons.
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